Social Evils Poverty and Health

Neediness is one of the most significant social indecencies and a significant determinant of sick wellbeing (1). From time it is realized that poor economic wellbeing is a significant determinant of infection and decreases life span in a major manner. The Charaka Samhita perceived that network structure and working was a significant reason for infection in people. The relationship of individual sickness causing network unsettling influences and neediness and the other way around was noted (2). Wellbeing status is firmly controlled by financial positions and a huge assortment of writing from created ountries exhibits that most reasons for passings happen at a more noteworthy rate in bunches with lower financial status (3). Pathways from unfriendly social conditions to sick wellbeing are then talked about and a few proposals are made for disposing of these social disasters. The Global Burden of Diseases Study detailed significant reasons for mortality, illness weight and hazard factors in different pieces of the world (4). In creating nations, contaminations of respiratory tract, HIV/AIDS, diarreah, tuberculosis, and jungle fever have risen as significant causes. The unwavering quality of mortality ata has been addressed as far as clinical characterization of passings as an enormous number of passings are recorded as evidence and mature age. All inclusive, the significant causes were lower respiratory contaminations, AIDS, coronary illness, and intestinal sickness. Indian National Commission on Macroeconomics and Health (9) has detailed that transferable maladies, maternal conditions just as non-transmittable sicknesses which are significant reasons for illness trouble. The Second Global Burden of Diseases Study (4) evaluated in excess of twenty wellbeing hazard factors that impact strength of populaces. Significant hazard factors recognized were adolescence and maternal undernutrition prompting youth and maternal underweight. , iron inadequacy, weakness, nutrient A lack and zinc insufficiency. There was a distinction in hazard factors causing malady weight or mortality. Social conditions and destitution are the significant determinants of every one of these components. A social issue is characterized as a circumstance going up against a gathering or an area of society which delivers harmful outcomes that can be taken care of just appropriately (11). There are various social issues in India (11). These have been recognized as neediness, lack of education, joblessness, populace blast, communalism, youth turmoil, brutality against ladies, wrongdoing and crooks, liquor abuse, psychological oppression, debasement, and all the more as of late, overweight/heftiness in the urban subjects combined with evolving ways of life. Different endeavors to precisely recognize social determinants of wellbeing have been performed and a few endeavors have developed as of late. Social determinants of wellbeing were identified by Marmot and others at the Solid Facts Program of the World Health Organization (12). The variables distinguished were social rganization, early life occasions, life-course social inclination, high joblessness rates, mental work envoronment, transport, social help, union, food, destitution, and social rejection. These variables are named social indecencies that straightforwardly impact wellbeing. Since non-transferable illnesses are significant medical problems in Europe and other created nations, these components uncover just a large portion of the story. For instance, ignorance and low instructive status is a significant infection hazard factor however not part of the WHO plan as this isn't as genuine f an issue all things considered in Europe (3). A significant improvement to address different social issues and neediness was the milestone United Nations Millennium Declaration in the year 2000 by different Heads of States and governments. The presentation verbalized Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) which incorporate explicit focuses for social building to achieve fair flourishing and wellbeing (13). These particular targets incorporate neediness decrease, expanding essential training, advancing sexual orientation equity, and improvement of a worldwide organization for a significantly greater turn of events.

Managing abd training development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Overseeing abd preparing advancement - Essay Example This segment move will bring about the drop of by around five percent in representatives of the age bunch 25 to 39 and simultaneously the level of workers in the age bunch 50 to 65 could go up by 20%. This foreseen move in the rate change old enough gatherings among representatives is relied upon to positively affect preparing of workers. More seasoned representatives should be prepared and retrained to stay up with the ever-changing workplace to hold them as a major aspect of the workforce. This maintenance of the more established representatives would cause improved rivalry in employments among the more youthful individuals with negligible instructive capabilities, low-level aptitudes and restricted work understanding. (Newton, B., Hurstfield, J., Miller, L., Akroyd, K. what's more, Gifford, J. 2005. Preparing support by age among jobless and latent individuals). The noteworthiness of preparing at the work environment has gotten a driving force over the most recent ten years, because of advancements that have happened all around the globe. The variables that have added to the change seen at the work environment incorporate the development of the information economy, the effect of globalization, and the expanded utilization of superior working methods in the arranging and execution of work goals because of the emotional improvements in the field of data and correspondence strategies. (Work environment Learning and Training). The United Kingdom keeps on mulling on the universal class table of capabilities especially in contrast with France and Germany, in spite of the endeavors put for development lately. The more seasoned workforce in the United Kingdom has a bigger task to carry out in this troubled situation with connection to capabilities and abilities and show basically two gatherings of over lapping insufficiencies specifically as far as poor fundamental aptitudes and absence of capabilities. The worry of the administration can be seen and its

Determining If a Number Is Prime

Deciding whether a Number Is Prime A prime number is a numeral that is more noteworthy than 1 and can't be partitioned equitably by some other number with the exception of 1 and itself. On the off chance that a number can be separated uniformly by some other number not including itself and 1, it isn't prime and is alluded to as a composite number. Components versus Products When working with prime numbers, understudies should realize the contrast among elements and products. These two terms are effectively befuddled, yet factors are numbers that can be partitioned equally into the given number, while products are the consequences of increasing that number by another. Moreover, prime numbers are entire numbers that must be more noteworthy than one, and accordingly, zero and one are not viewed as prime numbers, nor is any number under zero; the number two is the primary prime number, as it must be isolated without anyone else and the number 1. Utilizing Factorization Utilizing a procedure called factorization, mathematicians can rapidly decide if a number is prime. To utilize factorization, you have to realize that a factor is any number that can be duplicated by another number to get a similar outcome. For example, the prime components of the number 10 are 2 and 5 in light of the fact that these entire numbers can be duplicated by each other to approach 10. Be that as it may, 1 and 10 are additionally viewed as variables of 10 since they can be increased by each other to approach 10. This is communicated in the prime variables of 10 as 5 and 2 since both 1 and 10 are not prime numbers. A simple path for understudies to utilize factorization to decide whether a number is prime is by giving them solid checking things like beans, fastens, or coins. They can utilize these to isolate objects into ever-littler gatherings. For instance, they could isolate 10 marbles into two gatherings of five or five gatherings of two. Utilizing a Calculator In the wake of utilizing the solid technique as portrayed in the past segment, understudies can utilize mini-computers and the idea of distinctness to decide if a number is prime. Have understudies take an adding machine and key in the number to decide if it is prime. The number should partition into an entire number. For instance, take the number 57. Have understudies partition the number by 2. They will see that the remainder is 27.5, which isn't a significantly number. Presently have them separate 57 by 3. They will see that this remainder is an entire number: 19. Along these lines, 19 and 3 are components of 57, which is, at that point, not a prime number. Different Methods Another approach to discover if a number is prime is by utilizing a factorization tree, where understudies decide the regular factorsâ of various numbers. For example, if an understudy is calculating the number 30, she could start with 10 x 3 or 15 x 2. For each situation, she keeps on considering 10 (2 x 5) and 15 (3 x 5). The final product will yield a similar prime elements: 2, 3 and 5 since 5 x 3 x 2 30, as does 2 x 3 x 5. Straightforward division with pencil and paper can likewise be a decent strategy for showing youthful students how to decide prime numbers. To begin with, separate the number by two, at that point by three, four, and five if none of those components yields an entire number. This technique is valuable to help somebody simply heading out to comprehend what makes a number prime.

How to Choose Your Paper Topic

How to Choose Your Paper TopicSchool research papers are a vital tool for educators. They provide information that is important to students, parents, and other adults in the school. As students move through the school system, teachers need to have an accurate idea of what works, what doesn't, and what challenges they face.School research papers can be academic in nature, or they can be more geared toward helping students with their daily lives. A variety of types exist, so it's important that you choose one that you're comfortable writing. Below, you'll find a list of some examples of research papers that will help you find a suitable topic for your paper.The Subject - Research papers often have a primary topic. In this case, it's important to decide if you want your research paper to have a specific topic or not. If you want to write a research paper with a specific topic, you need to choose a topic that's easy to explain to others in your own school. Then, you'll also need to make sure that you understand how the topic fits into the bigger picture of the overall course or curriculum. You'll need to know if the topic is critical to how the curriculum works and will affect the way students learn.The Method - Many schools don't have a single type of research paper for every class. Instead, there are different types of research papers, depending on the subject matter. For example, you may want to write a research paper that examines what students learn in science class. You might also want to write a research paper that examines if students learn certain theories about dinosaurs. In these cases, you'll need to choose a method for your research paper that suits your particular assignment.The Point - Finally, the point of a research paper can vary widely from teacher to teacher. A good rule of thumb is to select a point in your presentation that's important to your audience. This point might be a quote or a diagram. As long as you have a consistent point, the other details that appear in your paper should follow the same pattern. Then, you can apply the point and style of the other details to create the best results.As you can see, research papers can vary in style and depth. You should be able to identify whether your research paper should be class based or more open ended. Once you know how you want to approach a paper, you can use some of the tips listed here to help you choose the perfect topic for your project.You should also consider researching a subject that you're interested in in order to come up with an idea that you can use in a research paper. Writing a research paper is fun, but it can also be a useful tool in helping students succeed in the classroom. So make sure you take the time to do your homework before you begin.

Comparison of Dell and WIPROs Implementation of Teamwork - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1624 Downloads: 10 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Management Essay Type Compare and contrast essay Did you like this example? Team means a group of individuals organized together to make efforts regarding some work in order to achieve certain organizational goals.when these team members interact amongst each other and then together they complete some work it is called teamwork.the hardwork, efforts,methods and actions of these individuals when brought together to achieve a common purpose or common goal. In companies and organizations team work is very essential,all the employees need to understand this that they must have the habit to work in a team because employers in nowadays organistions expect their employees to learn and function effectively and efficiently in teams. ORGANISATION IT IT is INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IT sector and its industries are playing a major role in India and is growing rapidly over the parts of the world .through IT sector the growth of economic development of India has been increased as well as there had been a lot of help in technical foundation of India. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Comparison of Dell and WIPROs Implementation of Teamwork" essay for you Create order This sector has largely categorized into: IT services Engeering services ITES-BPO services E -businesses The IT professionals in the industry have increased at an annual rate of 14.5% approximately. TWO IT COMPANIES: 1)DELL 2)WIPRO DELL The founder and ceo of dell is Michael dell. Dell is a top player in IT companies and it was founded as PCs limited in 1984 by university student Michael dell. and it was incorporated as a computer hardware manufacturer and distributor.This company is USs largest corporation in computer distributors in terms of both quantity of units sold and its gross income. Dell started from 1999 and till 2006 it delivered more complete computer systems worldwide than any other pc manufacturer.However , due to less customer support Dell created a bad reputation which resulted in market shrink. TEAM WORK IN DELL The continuous success lies in team work and the opportunity of each team member to learn ,develop and grow.They are committed in developing , retaining and attracting the best people reflective of our worldwide market place. STRATEGY IN DECISION MAKING OF TEAMWORK IN DELL (REFERENCE FROM ARCTICLE: The characteristics of great teams and the leadership approaches to building performing teams) TEAM BUILDING Developing performing teams. The leadership style method is now unnecessary rather team based approach in work is increasingly becoming popular. The Michael dell founder and ceo of Dell computers believes that business is all about teams and building talent in organization. It is most important and essential component of success as diversity of ideas and inputs which helps a lot in making better decisions. The company Dell its team even if some of their products fail or have to be scrapped.The ceo motivates his team to work better on their next product. EXAMPLE OF TEAM WORK IN DELL In April 1993, John Medica, who led the development of Apples PowerBook, was put in as an incharge of the Notebook division of Dell. By the time he took over, one product had already been canceled and the development of other products was taking longer than expected. After a realistic assessment of the situation, it was felt that only one of the products was under development the Latitude XP would be competitive in the market. The company decided to cancel several products that were in the development stage. This demotivated the engineers who had spent a lot of time and energy developing the products that had been canceled. To motivate them, Dell reinforced the companys strategy to the notebook group and encouraged them to pull together to make the Latitude XP a success. Dell realized that aligning teams toward a common objective and creating the same incentive system across the entire company would help direct everyones talent toward creating value for customers and shareholders. At Dell, people work in teams of two to receive, manufacture, and pack an order for delivery to a customer. The profit sharing incentive encourages them to be productive as a team. Hourly metrics are posted on monitors on the factory floor so that each team can see if its performance meets the companys goals. Dell also believes that 360 ° performance appraisals help identify areas that might require further development or improvement and also keep people focused on achieving their goals as a team. He believes that teamwork is all about people who are interested in each others growth. DECISION TAKEN BY DELL IN LAST ONE YEAR REGARDING TEAM WORK ARE AS FOLLOWS: By employing teamwork Dell and global infrastructure consulting services helps spherion upgrade its intranet environment and increase employment by 70 percent. The challenge faced by spherion was that rapid business growth and a series of mergers threaten to overwhelm the intranet used by S pherion employees for daily access to key documents and applications. Spherion quoted when Dell helped it as a team The way the Dell consultants worked alongside us and shared their expertise felt much more like a partnership than a vendor and customer relationship. As said by this person; Alex Leon, senior programmer/analyst, Spherion. SOLUTION TO THE CHALLENGE GIVEN BY DELL WAS: The Spherion IT team engages Dell Global Infrastructure Consulting Services to help design and implement an intranet upgrade based on Microsoft office sharepoint server2007 software and Dell power edge servers. BENEFITS WHICH SPHERION GOT BY TEAMWORK OF DELL : ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Get IT Faster: Dell Global Infrastructure Consulting helps reduce implementation time for the solution from one year to 16 weeks ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Run IT Better: Hardware and software upgrade boosts intranet performance by 70 percent; new software running on Dell PowerEdge serve rs yields 60 percent faster searches; Dell consultants reduce the intranet infrastructure from 10 servers to 6 new servers ÃÆ' ¢Ãƒ ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ¬Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ¢ Grow IT Smarter: Dell PowerEdge servers provide processing headroom for future growth 2ND COMPANY WIPRO CEO of wipro is Azim Premji. Wipro is an Indian company which is now going global which was established in 1947.it was a vegetable oil company to start with and was created from an oil mill established by father of Azim Premji. It was founde by Demir Barlas.wipro got into e-business As an offshore centre to which us and euporean companies could sent it customization work and lower levels for functions.it deals primarily in software products and related services.it is regarded as a leading provider of integrated business process and technological solutions. DECISION MAKING REGARDING TEAMWORK IN WIPRO IN LAST ONE YEAR (Article taken from The financial express wipro inducts Appreciative inquiry for better teamwork) Analysis of the article says: In an effort to institutionalise a strong team dynamics within the organisation, Wipro Ltd is now deploying Appreciative Inquiry (AI) as a part of its human resource (HR) initiative. Another objective behind the initiative is also to create a culture of internalising a solution-centric approach of conducting business amongst the teams. Mr.Rajesh Sharma, Manager-Talent engagement and development Head HR (Finance Solutions) Wipro Technologies Ltd:The initiative is aimed at enabling the teams in moving towards adopting a solution-centric approach to solving business puzzles. This is how the company deploys the entire programme to create a win-win dynamics for one of the project teams in the establishment. Steps taken in decisions making in team work: Firstly, there is a facilitator who would enable the group to go back in time and openly share some of the highs and lows that they might have encountered in their lives (personal or professional). Secondly,the group may also focus on some of their experiential involvements in projects, generic experiences, critical incidents or stories. They would then be reflecting on how to evolve action plans that can collectively and pro-actively impa ct the business. And this is done by deliberating on some of the key questions such as: what have I done better and how can I do things to drive relevant results? Or even some of the hunches like What can I do further so as to be able to deliver a more positive action at the work place? According to the company, the participants and the subjects can revisit the attributes and add anything that is not covered in the entire exercise. But some consultants believe that techniques like AI cannot carry a direct impact either in triggering performance or in creating an ideal team culture. All that such techniques do is to allow the teams an open environment to communicate and it would be a tall order to attain some of the strategic deliverables in Human Resource Management, says Mr.David Robert, managing partner, Talent Trainers Ltd (TTL) a leading HR consultancy that focuses on teams and talent management. Consultants also affirm that since AI lays too much of emphasis on interna l self, there are no foolproof systems to evaluate the extent to which such initiatives have practically enabled the companies in creating business-aligned teams in their respective organisations. CONCLUSION Team work is now more privilent in organiztions rather than leadership and other approaches.If employees in organizations work in teams efficiently and effectively it would be more helpful in achieving success and would focus on attaining organisations planned goals. As more and more organizations move towards a team-based approach to work, The leadership style is becoming disused and outdated. Leaders are playing the role of facilitators more and are now expected to teach their team members, and let them make decisions for the team. A team-based approach is expected to improve efficiency and productivity levels in an organization. However, the transformation from a command and control style to the team based approach can be confusing and grueling. Companies expect their middle level managers to transform themselves into team leaders. They are expected to coach, motivate, and empower their people. Team based practices should be adopted as an culture in IT as well as other organi zations for better ,quality and standard work to achieve success towards goals.

Health Care Policy And Politics - 2208 Words

81 Interest Groups in Health Care Policy and Politics Interest group-people who share the same interest directly with political processes Factions-special interests, pressure groups, or organized interests †¢ Development of interest groups o James Madison’s The Federalist No. 10 (1787) ï‚ § Republic ï‚ § â€Å"The best wisdom is to control the effects of interest groups† ï‚ § Interest group roots fall back on the constitution and the birth of the American version of democracy o Alexis de Tocqueville, French philosopher and politician †¢ Functions and methods of influence o Lobbying- â€Å"direct influence of public officials and ultimately an influence on their decisions or legislation† o Grass Roots Mobilization- â€Å"indirectly influencing officials through constituency contract† o Electoral Influence-â€Å"can be considered the primary prevention of policymaking because it is important activity that precedes policy work.† o Shaping public opinion- overlaps with electoral influence and grassroots mobilization; it involves issue advocacy and public percuasion, similar to campaigning for an issue †¢ Landscape of contemporary health care interest groups o American Nurses Association represented since 1974 represents as (ANA) goal- â€Å"improvement of the healthcare system in the United States† o ANA members endorsed decisions that are formulated from ANA policy focuses and not on a candidate’s party. †¢ Assessing value and considering involvement o Through involvement within interest groups nurses haveShow MoreRelatedThe Policy Process1582 Words   |  7 PagesThe Policy Process HCS/455 05/28/13 Jay Littleton The Policy Process In today’s health care system it is constantly improving and changing, due to the demands of the health care system. 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Business Corporation Act. Research Essay

Question: Discuss about the Business Corporation Act. for Research Essay. Answer: Introduction: Section 9 of Corporations Act, 2001 provides the meaning of the term director. According to this section, director means a person who has been validly appointed as a director of the corporation or as an alternate director. It also means a person, who has not been validly appointed as the director, if such person has been making in the position of the director or in other words a de-fecto director. This section also provides that the term director also includes a person who has not been validly appointed as such but the directors of the corporation are used to act according to the instructions of such a person or a shadow director. In the present assignment, the duties of the directors have been evaluated and at the same time, the evolution of the role of directors has also been traced to the evolution of the duties of the directors. In Australia, there are three main sources of law that provides the duties and obligations of the directors of solutions in Australia. These resources are common law, statute law that is merely provided by the Corporations Act, 2001 and the company's constitution. The duties have been introduced for the directors with a view to promote good governance. These duties require that the directors should raise the interests of the corporations ahead of their personal interests. The common law also imposes certain duties on the directors, for example the duty to a bona fide and in the interests of the corporation. These duties require that the directors should act in good faith and in the interests of the corporation. In order to see this duty has been properly discharged by the directors, the subjective test of scrouplousness can be used. A director will be held liable for the breach of this duty if the director fails to give consideration to the interests of its population properly. For example, such a situation may arise when it has been assumed by the director that the interests of the corporation correspond with the personal interests of the directors and as a result, the director does not consider the interests of the corporation as being a separate entity. The common law has also prescribed a duty for the directors which require that they should not ask for an improper purpose. The purpose behind this duty is to make sure that the directors do not use their powers for any inappropriate purpose. Such a purpose may include the situation where the director has taken a personal advantage or tried to defeat the voting power of the shareholders with the help of creating a new majority. In this regard, the common law provides that raising capital or trying to take the benefit of a genuine opportunity that may be commercially available to the corporation will be a proper purpose. Therefore in such a case, when the directors are involved in promoting the interests of the corporation, they may also promote their personal interests indirectly. In order to make sure that the directors use their powers for the proper purpose, an objective test can be used. For example, when the corporation is going to borrow money, it has to be seen in the alleged need to borrow the money was really present for the corporation or not. Similarly even if the inappropriate purpose can be considered as the main reason on among one of the reasons behind the decision, such a decision can be treated as invalid when, other than the improper purpose, the directors would not have taken such a decision. In order to deal with such cases, it has been provided by the law that when the directors are using their powers for any improper purpose, the corporation needs to avoid such acts of the directors. Another duty imposed on the directors is the duty of care and diligence. For the purpose of fulfilling his duty, it is very important that the directors are aware of the financial position of the corporation, including the solvency of the company. The law provides that it is a significant responsibility imposed on the directors, and is decreased even in cases where the directors have delegated their responsibility to another person (Sweeney, OReilly and Coleman, 2013). The law also provides that the directors cannot hide behind their own ignorance related with the affairs of the corporation, particularly when such ignorance has been created by themselves. The result is that it is obligatory for the directors to ask questions regarding the information that has been put before them. This is necessary to make sure that all the information related with the company, represents the accurate position of the corporation. Therefore the directors should not straightaway accept all the information that has been given to them by the employees of the corporation (Harris, Hargovan and Adams, 2013). For fulfilling his duty, it is also necessary that the directors should be independent and informed judgment regarding all the matters that they have to decide in the board meetings. The role of the directors is to maintain a position where they are able to guide and monitor. Another duty that has been imposed on the directors of corporations is the duty to use discretion. According to this duty, the directors have been prohibited from placing themselves in the circumstances where they are not in a position to make favorable decisions for the corporation. An example of such a situation can be the commercial transactions where the directors are not in a position to take decisions on behalf of the corporation (Gooleyet al., 2011). The result is that the directors have been prohibited from entering into such transactions where they have to give preference to the interests of third parties as compared to the interests of their own corporation. In this regard, a duty has been imposed on the directors to avoid conflicts of interest. There are certain fiduciary duties that the directors owe towards their corporations. The position of director is a very significant relationship and therefore utmost good faith is involved in it. The result is that it is very signi ficant that the directors give preference to the interests of the corporation as compared to their personal interests. In the same way, it is also required that such situations should be avoided by the directors where they may have a personal interest that conflicts with the interests of the corporation. This is very important as it is the duty of the directors to protect the interests of the corporation (Fletcher, 2007). Such situation may occur when there is a real possibility of conflict between the two types of interests. The conflict of interest can be direct or indirect. The directors are under a duty to avoid their personal interests when transiting with the corporation. But it will be considered that the directors have breached this duty if they enter into a transaction with their corporation. But in some cases, it may be expressly provided by the Constitution of the corporations that the directors may be allowed to have personal interests that conflicts with the corporation 's interests. In this way, the constitution of the corporation can alter the fiduciary duties of the directed to such an extent. The directors are also under an obligation according to which they should not disclose the confidential information related to the corporation. Of particular information is considered as confidential if the owner of such information is of the reasonable belief that in case of the disclosure of such information, it will be detrimental for the person or may prove to be advantageous to another person (Ciro and Symes, 2009). Information is also considered as confidential when as a result of the trade usage or custom, the information is worth protecting. The directors can be held liable for the breach of this duty, for example when they have disclose the details to third parties related with the client software Corporation or its suppliers under the circumstances where this information can be treated as confidential. Another example of the breach of this duty is when the director involves an insider trading. The directors are also under an obligation according to which they should not abuse corporate opportunities. As a result of this responsibility, the directors of corporations to avoid the situations where there may be a conflict between their personal interests and the corporations interests. Such a situation may take place when the actions of the directors are so related with the affairs of the corporation that they have been done in the course of management of the corporation and by using such opportunities in view of their special knowledge (Baxt, Fletcher and Fridman, 2008). For this purpose, an occasional connection is required between the fiduciary obligations of the director and the opportunity available. If a connection is present between the two, it can be said that the director may have misused such an opportunity. For this purpose it is not relevant if such opportunity could not be exploited by the corporation itself. The common law duty of care and diligence has also been provided by section 180 of the Corporations Act, 2001. This section also contains the defense of the directors that is provided by the business judgment rule. It has been provided in this section that the directors should exercise the same care that can be expected from other reasonable person. As there is a mention of reasonable person, and objective standard of care is applicable (Austin and Ramsay, 2013). The consequence of this duty is that the directors are under an obligation to maintain the balance between the advantages of their conduct and the foreseeable harm of such conduct. In the same way, it has been mentioned in section 181 that the directors have a duty to act in good faith. This duty describes that the powers should be exercised by the directors in good faith (ASIC v Adler, 2002). The statutory duty imposed on the directors can be compared with their fiduciary duty according to which they should act bona fide. T his duty has imposed an obligation on the directors to act with honesty. It can be said that this duty has been breached, and the directors of user power for improper purpose even if the directors were under the impression that they were acting with honesty. An obligation has been imposed by section 182 according to which the directors did not make improper use of their position in the corporation (ASIC v Vizard, 2005). The result is that the directors should not misuse the position for achieving personal advantage or with a view to cause a loss to the corporation (ASIC v Rich, 2003). It can be a breach of this duty if the directors are involved in above-mentioned conduct and it is immaterial if such a benefit or loss has been caused or not. For example if the directors continue to act even when they know that the financial position of the company is unstable, it can be said that this duty has been breached by them (ASIC v Vines, 2003). Under these circumstances, it is very important that the directors are aware of their legal duties and obligations that have been imposed by the Corporations Act, 2001 and also by the common law and the constitution of the company. On the other hand, the failure to fulfill these obligations can have serious consequences for the directors which include five-year jail term, civil and criminal penalties that may go up to $200,000, disqualification by the court from managing a corporation in future and ultimately, the director may be held personally liable for the debts of the corporation. Regarding the future of the directors duties in Australia, it can be said that the directors of corporations will need to act in a legal environment that is going to change and reconsideration. The basic reason behind this situation is the willingness of the government to boost economic activity, create employment opportunities and stimulate small business. The leading issue in this regard is the need for maintaining a balance between the legal position of the director and lifting the performance of the duty. The main long-term challenges faced by the directors of corporations in this area will be the result of two inter-connected engines of change, that are technology and globalism. However, among all these challenges and change, the main purpose of corporations should not be forgotten which is to make rational investments and to take measured risks. Therefore in future, the directors of corporations in Australia should maintain the brilliant idea behind the introduction of corporat ions and at the same time, adapt to the times of unprecedented changes. References Austin, R.P. and Ramsay, I.M., 2013, Ford's principles of corporations law, 15th edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, New South Wales. Baxt, R, Fletcher, K and Fridman, S 2008, Corporations and associations: cases and materials, 10th edn, LexisNexis, Butterworths, Sydney, New South Wales. Ciro, T, and Symes, C 2009,Corporations law: in principle, 8th edn, Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia, Pyrmont, NSW, pp. xv-xix Fletcher, K.L., 2007, The law of partnership in Australia, 9th edn, Lawbook Co, Pyrmont, New South Wales. Gooley, J, Russell, D, Dicker, M, Zammit, M, 2011,Corporations and associations law: principles and issues, (LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, NSW) 75-98 Harris, J, Hargovan, A and Adams, M, 2013, Australian corporate law, 4th edn, LexisNexis Butterworths, Chatswood, New South Wales Sweeney, B, OReilly, J Coleman, A, 2013, Law in Commerce, 6th edn. 2015, Australian Corporations Legislation, LexisNexis Butterworths/CCH (Vol 1) ASIC v Adler 4 Others [2002] NSWSC 171 ASIC v Rich Ors (2003) 44 ASCR 341 ASIC v Vizard [2005] FCA 1037 ASIC v Vines [2003] 48 ACSR 322

Unjust Censorship Essays - Book Censorship In The United States

Unjust Censorship Benninger, James E. Mr. Bernard Thinking & Writing Paper 3 / 4 Unjust Censorship One of the greatest inventions of modern times was the printing press. With it, the painstaking process of copying books by hand was abolished, and the circulation of books on a large scale began. With this circulation came the banning of many books that religious leaders felt were inappropriate (ACLU 1). Today, in an age when free speech and press are guaranteed by the Constitution, censorship of books is still occurring. Although the methods may have changed, many of today's literary masterpieces are still being banned from schoolrooms and libraries on the premise that they may be inappropriate. When books are challenged, restricted, removed, or banned, an atmosphere of suppression exists (ACLU 1). There are many ways in which this can occur. For an author who is currently writing to have banned books, that author may make revisions to their work, less for artistic reasons, but simply to avoid controversy. The editor or publisher may alter the text themselves or elect not to publish a book simply because of marketing reasons. Staff in bookstores may remove a book from their shelves that has been deemed too controversial to avoid any negative consequences. When literary classics become banned, students are left out from something far greater than over Benninger 2 zealous and conservative educators think they are protecting them from. The positive aspects a student picks up from a literary masterpiece are far greater than the few negative aspects of the book, which may be a few obscenities or sexual connotation. These few negatives are arbitrary arguments for banning a book when compared to the positive ideas, methods of thinking, and literary background a student can receive. One of the most widely banned books is Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Known for its detailed look into Southern life and human consanguinity, Huckleberry Finn is also known for its use of the word nigger. Although it may be a horrible word to use, no other word would have done to describe the feelings of some of the southern characters in the book. Had Mark Twain used African Americans, negros, or blacks, the point of unjustified hate by some towards the blacks would not have been as strong. If the novel were to be changed to make a few educators happy, much of the meaning of the book would be lost. Another book that is infamous because of its absence from classrooms is Alice Walker's The Color Purple-a novel about the courage and strength of a poor southern Black girl named Celie. Many schools have banned The Color Purple because of its sexual content (ALA 2). Much of the controversy surrounding the book is due to a rape scene in the first chapter in which Celie is raped by her father. Although not appropriate for younger readers, there is no reason that Celie's story of a woman's struggle through life should not be read by more mature audiences. What the first chapter Benninger 3 does is set the tone for the rest of the novel and is essential to the idea of Celie being a survivor. Another notable novel that has been posted on many schools' banned books list is The Lord of the Flies by William Golding. The book describes in detail the horrific exploits of a band of young children who make a striking transition from civilized to barbaric. The Lord of the Flies commands a pessimistic outlook that seems to show that man is inherently tied to society, and without it, would likely return to savagery (Gerenser 223). The book contains many incidences of violence, two of which result in the death of two boys. However, these scenes of violence are essential to the author's argument of man's dependence on society. Furthermore, these scenes are nothing in comparison to many of the shows and movies that students watch on television or at theatres. An author that has received much undue criticism recently is J. K. Rowling and her Harry Potter series. Proponents of its banning in elementary schools argue that its focus on wizardry and magic (ALA 2) may have an evil impression on children. Some goes as far as calling it satanic. But

Creating A Character essays

Creating A Character essays How does a novelist and/or a playwright make a character interesting for us? One would think that the plot of a novel or play would mould its characters and determine whether they are interesting or not, however, even in a mediocre book there can be a character that is interesting for some reason or other. This some reason or other can be defined through the readers relationship with this character; what makes a character interesting is that the reader either can identify and empathise with him/her or is placed in a position where s/he is able to make a value judgement about this character. Characters that a reader remembers are usually main characters, purely because one sees and gets to know the most about them. To show how novelists and playwrights make their characters memorable and remarkable it is best to use the example of two main characters that are in situations that are comparable to some extent. The protagonists in Shakespeares Hamlet and Forsters A Passage to India are involved in crime for various reasons and have to deal with different degrees of punishment but all are affected by mental strain. In this essay I will examine the different techniques the novelist/playwright uses by referring to both novels, more specifically the two main characters: Hamlet and Aziz. As mentioned above, the most simple way that a novelist/playwright can make a character interesting is by letting the reader know a lot about them. There are different means to achieve this end; an all-knowing narrator can impart the information which usually gives the reader insight without getting them emotionally involved. This occurs in Forsters novel as the reader is still getting to know Aziz and also Fielding. Forster describes their appearance and views - we hear of Azizs pride in Islam and the discrepancies in what he thinks about the haughty and venal English and how he acts toward...

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener or Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Essay

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener or Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Woman choose one - Essay Example s and actions and the actions of the people around her, the objectivity of the voice is a mask for the subjectivity of womanhood where womanhood is subjective because society narrowly defines and controls it. The narrator of the story is an objective omniscient narrator because she can follow any character around and do not provide interpretations. The narrator provides information on other characters which makes her omniscient. The narrator follows what the father and son to do together one time. The woman is sleeping, but the narrator knows what the father and child did together: â€Å"He took the child for a walk, and when they returned, red-cheeked and boisterous, the father made supper† (Godwin 1). The narrator also turns to other characters to inform the audience of what they are doing. The narrator, furthermore, is also objective because she does not offer judgments or interpretations and lets the readers interpret what is happening. For instance, as the story ends, the narrator describes everything the woman did and then adds: â€Å"The house smelled redolently of renewal and spring† (Godwin 5). There is something ironic about â€Å"renewal and spring† when t he woman plans to kill herself after doing her household duties. The narrator is then leaving the interpretation to the readers. Aside from being objective and omniscient, the narrator’s subjectivity helps readers to understand that the objective tone is ironically subjective because focusing on women’s roles and responsibilities showed that the woman wanted to die because she is tired of being a woman. The narrator hides her subjectivity through objective omniscience. Still, it is clear that the narrator is obsessed with feminine roles and obligations. For example, the narrator describes what the girl maid did as part of her daily work: She painted the room white, fed the child lunch, read edifying books, raced the boy to the mailbox†¦She knitted dresses for herself and played chess with the

States have used Responsibility to protect as a reason not to act Essay

States have used Responsibility to protect as a reason not to act rather than a reason to act. Discuss - Essay Example mple, the Americans used their own troops to attack Afghanistan in October 2001 and Iraq on March 2003.The principle of the state responsibility to protect is a norm and military interventions are the last resort and permission from the United Nations Security Assembly is a requisite before use of force. In this article, I will define the meaning of responsibility to protect and will discuss the state’s responsibility to protect norm by providing instances where the states used international organizations to advance this norm. I will also provide instances where the state failed to effectively intervene. I will analyze the states responsibility to protect role in view of Bosnia and Darfur Sudan as well as the impacts of their actions, for example intervention as in the case of Bosnia and limited or lack of it in the case of Darfur. This article will equally analyze the notion of legitimacy in the intervention of states in pursuit of their responsibility to protect role and it will answer the following questions: If a state is a failed state, and is unable to protect its citizens from the above crimes and peaceful measures are not working, then the international community has an obligation to prevent such crimes through diplomacy or coercive means. In September 2000, The Norm of Responsibility to Protect got a major boost from the Canadian Government. The Commission on States Sovereignty and Intervention, formed by the Canadian Government released its report on December 2001. The report noted that the Global Community has a responsibility to prevent mass atrocities by using diplomatic means or a more coercive means and use of military interventions should be as a last resort. Security should be emphasized while enforcing this role and justice should be carried out to victims of mass atrocities. The African Union, in its founding charter observed the fact that the global community has a duty to intervene in crisis situations if states cannot provide security

How Thomas Hardy portrays women in his stories Essay Example for Free

How Thomas Hardy portrays women in his stories Essay The three stories all have very social, historical and cultural impacts on the women of the time. The Withered Arm, is about a womans, struggle to cure her withered arm and the jealousy felt by Rhoda who had been used by the farmer in the past and had born his child. Gertrudes fear of loosing her husband and her superstition make her carry out actions that result in her death. The next story, The Distracted Preacher, is about an independent woman called Lizzy and the choice she has to make. She is involved in smuggling and the head of the gang but is offered a different life by Minister Stockdale, who asks her to marry him and leave. She decides to stay but gets caught and suffers for some years till he returns and offers again to marry him, this time she accepts but only because of circumstances. The third story, The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion, is about a shy, naive middle class woman called Phyllis and her fight between her conscience, her fathers desire and her true love. She chooses her conscience and in the end loses everything. The Withered Arm has two main female roles: Rhoda Brooks and Gertrude Lodge. They both have very different backgrounds; Rhoda is the poor working class woman while Gertrude is the pretty upper middle class women. Rhoda has to work for her son and herself just to eat; she has no husband and so is an outcast from society and has to keep herself to herself. Because of this she has no male role model for her son. Rhoda is a thin, fading women of thirty, which emphasises how hard she works and how tiring her life is. In comparison Gertrude is the typical married middle class woman, with lots of time on her hands. She is youthful and pretty, soft and evanescent, which is why Farmer Lodge married her. Rhoda has a very wicked side, which shows itself when Gertrude arrives in town. She becomes jealous and wants to know all about the well-awaited new wife. She becomes obsessed with her and makes her son find out about Gertrude and follow her, Then do you go to Holmstoke church to-morrow: shes sure to be there. This jealousy links in with the superstition of that time when Rhodas dream about Gertrude having a withered arm comes true. At that time everyone believed each village had its own witch. The witch could curse victims and make limbs wither or in extreme cases fall off. From this we can see how worried Rhoda would have been, believing she was a witch, that I exercise malignant power against my own will? This illustrates that Rhoda feel sympathetic for Gertrude and responsible for her arm. She fears what she might do to her and what may happen if she is a witch. Even though she has this evil side, you see that she does contain some sympathetic qualities. For example Rhoda recognises the gruesome fascination which leads her to find Gertrude but she is unwilling to tell her where to find Conjuror Trendle for fear that she will lose Gertrudes friendship. Hardy shows Rhodas point of view throughout the story so you feel sympathetic especially when we find the dead boy is her son. She is very independent and strong so in the end wants nothing to do with Farmer Lodge and the fling therefore refuses his sympathy vote and doesnt accept his money. Gertrude starts by being very kind and loving, she gives Rhodas son some shoes and befriends Rhoda and creates a close relationship with her. Rhoda appears concerned; particularly about Gertrudes imagined rejection by her husband. Her personality changes for the worst when her arm becomes withered. Gertrude relies on Rhoda for a concerned understanding of the growing separation between herself and her husband, who knows the disfigurement is there. The choice of the word disfigurement reveals his attitude to appearances. Social attitudes demanded that middle class women were beautiful and attractive. She turns vain and selfish, obsessed by her arm and the need to find a cure, Her determination received a fillip. She finds a treatable cure for the arm after trying so many. Shes now determined to try this one even though it involves such indignity. This is all too much for Gertrude when she finds out who the boy is in reality Rhodas son. She isnt so vain and determined, she is actually very shocked and started to feel sympathy for the victim and in end the superstition and shock kills her. In the Distracted Preacher the main female role is Lizzy Newbury a middle class, strong-minded, character who, was none the less independent. This emphasises how Lizzy is able to lead her village in successful smuggling. Shes an attractive, local girl who can take on an immense job for a women in those times but Lizzy does it as well as any man could. Lizzy is a widower and looks after her mother, as well as the customers of her Lodge, where Mr Stockdale goes to stay. She values her job and sees nothing wrong with smuggling, If a king who is nothing to us sends his people to steal out property, we have the right to steal it back. This illustrates how Lizzy doesnt care whether people think her smuggling is wrong she has reason to do it and she lives off the money and the adventure. The smuggling is tradition: My father did it, and so did my grandfather, and almost everybody in Nether-Moynton lives by it, and life would be so dull if it wasnt for that, that I should not care to live at all. This shows that Lizzy is no ordinary woman she sticks with what she wants and doesnt look up to men as a higher being besides shes a decisive woman and gets her way. She needs to carry on even though her romance with Stockdale gets in the way because he doesnt agree with it, so Lizzy uses vigorous but absurd arguments to justify her actions. To begin with Lizzy doesnt want to go away with Stockdale and marrying him, It is too much to ask. My whole life ha been passed in this way. She needs to stay in Nether-Moynton where the adventure is and not do what normal females do. Later we see Lizzys resolve deteriorates; she needs Stockdale because the money earnt from smuggling runs out. After all her talk about needing smuggling and it being fine to do it, she says it wrong, I own that we were wrong, said she. But I have suffered for it: I am very poor now, Lizzy wants Stockdale now she is poor and worthless and Stockdale offers to take her away from her poverty. Lizzy gives in and takes this offer, then settles down to the married life she once hated the thought of living because of its lack of adventure and predictability. This ending is problematic as Lizzy changed her attitudes totally. This ending was also added for the readers. The story was published each week in a magazine. Hardy wrote the ending to please the audience and give them an ending most women would of taken. There is an alternative ending to this story that isnt so problematic. This is that Lizzy would have married Owlett a member of the smuggling gang and immigrated to America. The Melancholy Hussar of the German Legion has one main female role, that of Phyllis Grove an attractive middle class young lady. She is very quiet, keeps herself to herself and just likes to blend into society. She was a woman who lived her whole life without going further than the nearest market. The only family she has is her father so she has no female role model to guide her through life, this has made her very inexperienced in relationships, though it is probable that she lost her heart to Matthaus before she is herself aware. She never realised she was in love with Matthaus; she had never felt love before so never knew what this feeling was. She values her fathers opinion greatly and her father doesnt like whats going on between Matthaus and herself. He considers the soldiers merely foreign fellows who flatter young girls with unmeaning attentions. Phyllis finds Matthaus refined and well-educated. He is loving towards her, concerned about her loneliness, he does not put too much pressure on her to escape and marry him. She becomes very conscience stricken between the two men; will she go with her fathers choice (Humphrey) or her romance Matthaus? She decided the best thing to do was to conform to society and her father and marry Humphrey, She would stay at home, and marry him, and suffer. This shows that she is doing this for her father it wouldnt be love but she could live with it for her families and the moneys sake. Later we see that Phyllis has a problem as Humphrey wants to marry another woman, Belle, and Matthaus and a friend gets shot for desertion. Poor Phyllis has now been torn from fighting between two men to being alone again. We see Phylliss life if effected by this, while she lived she used to keep their mounds neat, meaning Matthaus grave. This shows Phylliss love for Matthaus still carried on when he died and this tragedy deeply affected her. In the three stories I have read the four female characters all have similarities and differences. Gertrude is similar to all three characters. She is similar to Rhoda because they both believe in superstition and worry about what is happening to them due to it. Through the story we feel sympathy for them: for Gertrude with her withered arm and death and Rhoda for being a single parent and so an outcast and for when she sees Gertrude with her arm on her dead sons neck. The sympathy vote changes throughout the story between Rhoda and Gertrude. Gertrude is like Lizzy because they are both attractive, strong-minded women. Gertrude is different to Lizzy aswell as like her because Gertrude conforms to mens expectations but Lizzy is independent and only relies on Stockdale at the end. Phyllis is probably most like Gertrude as they are both very traditional women characters for their times. They are weak women who become victims of men and the social influences of their time. Phyllis becomes a heart broken girl due to her fianci messing her around and her actual love being shot. Gertrude becomes obsessed and vain because her husband is disgusted by the fault with her arm and starts to love her less for it. Phyllis has a rich fianci and Gertrude has a rich husband. Lizzy is similar to Rhoda too because they are both strong-willed, independent women that can cope by themselves without men by their sides. This means Lizzy and Rhoda are both very different to Phyllis because she is timid and shy, she can be manipulated easily unlike Lizzy and Rhoda who manipulate other people. Phylliss character is very dependent as she does as she is told, conforming to societys expectations. If things had gone to plan then her life would be totally taken care of without her lifting a finger, when we know Lizzy chose to be independent and Rhoda had to be independent to look after her family. In my view, I admire Lizzy because she is very outgoing and a leader, which shows women to be able to lead men in this world and she can still be attractive and feminine. She seems to put men in their places by refusing Stockdales offer of marriage instead of being a stereotypical woman of that time married, at home cooking, cleaning and looking after the children. She speaks her mind when she wants to stay because smuggling gives her adventure and when she tells Stockdale there nothing wrong with smuggling. This is why I like the alternative ending that Hardy mentions in his footnote when she goes to America because she doesnt need the sympathy for being poor she stays strong and independent. Even though at the end I felt sorry for Rhoda because of her son, I was never fond of her character. She seemed evil throughout the story as if she had other secrets not yet revealed. Her character was very sneaky, holding things back from Gertrude when she was untruthful. I think Rhoda is to blame for all Gertrudes problems: she placed the curse and took Gertrude to Conjuror Trendle and she paid the price of that horrendous sight. This all made me very sympathetic towards Gertrude and I know how if feels to be superficially stereotyped. She never did anything to Rhoda and died as a consequence to Rhodas jealousy. I also sympathise with Phyllis because men ruined her life, her life was ruined by the societys strict rules at that time to do the right thing and marry for position and money, and the shooting for desertion of her true love. Men have a great impact on women and can make our lives fun, yet some men make our lives more misery than fun. In my opinion Hardy portrays women with respect, he makes them strong and independent, manly in a sense. In the early 1800s women all had their places in the world, which was in the home. Hardy brought these women out of their world and into the beginning of our not so sexist England today. Men and Society had the main impact on women of this era; I believe this is why Hardys stories were loved in this age. Women could read them and think that they had a greater role in this era and they were more intelligent than men thought. I also believe men should have read these books to see how independent and important women are to this world. It was very important for women of this era to get their thoughts and strengths across to the world, so they could begin to live as equals to men.

West Germany :: essays research papers

This European country grew from a loose federation of states into one of the most powerful nations in the world. Germany is located in the very heart of Europe, bordered by the nine other countries. It became a divided nation after its overwhelming defeat in World War II. Following its surrender in 1945, Germany was occupied by military forces of the Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, and the United States. The Soviets controlled the East and the other powers the West. In 1949 two republics were set up the Democratic Republic of East Germany and the Federal Republic of West Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed May 23rd,1949 in Bonn, after a constitution had been drawn up by a consultative assembly formed by representatives of the eleven states in French. British, and American zones. The government of the French Republic of Western Germany follows the democratic pattern and provides specially for such basic rights as freedom of speech, of faith, and of assembly. The parliament consists of two chambers. The upper chamber is the Bundesrat, whose delegates are appointed by the various autonomous state governments. The lower chamber is the Bundestag, whose members are chosen every four years by direct popular vote. The Bundestag passes the laws and chooses the head of government. Some laws passed by the Bundestag require approval of the Bundesrat They include laws that relate directly to the states responsibilities, such as matters dealing with education and local government. The executive Bundestag elects a member of the strongest political party in that house to br federal chancellor, the head of government. The chancellor selects the ministries who make up the cabinet and heads the government departments. West Germany state governments has a legislature. Members of most of the legislature are elected to four-year terms. The legislature elects a minister president to head state government. The Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party are West Germanys largest political parties. The Democratic Republic of East Germany is a Communist state. Berlin was split and the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 because after World War II East Germany migrants started coming into West Germany by the thousands. West Germany :: essays research papers This European country grew from a loose federation of states into one of the most powerful nations in the world. Germany is located in the very heart of Europe, bordered by the nine other countries. It became a divided nation after its overwhelming defeat in World War II. Following its surrender in 1945, Germany was occupied by military forces of the Soviet Union, France, Great Britain, and the United States. The Soviets controlled the East and the other powers the West. In 1949 two republics were set up the Democratic Republic of East Germany and the Federal Republic of West Germany. The Federal Republic of Germany was proclaimed May 23rd,1949 in Bonn, after a constitution had been drawn up by a consultative assembly formed by representatives of the eleven states in French. British, and American zones. The government of the French Republic of Western Germany follows the democratic pattern and provides specially for such basic rights as freedom of speech, of faith, and of assembly. The parliament consists of two chambers. The upper chamber is the Bundesrat, whose delegates are appointed by the various autonomous state governments. The lower chamber is the Bundestag, whose members are chosen every four years by direct popular vote. The Bundestag passes the laws and chooses the head of government. Some laws passed by the Bundestag require approval of the Bundesrat They include laws that relate directly to the states responsibilities, such as matters dealing with education and local government. The executive Bundestag elects a member of the strongest political party in that house to br federal chancellor, the head of government. The chancellor selects the ministries who make up the cabinet and heads the government departments. West Germany state governments has a legislature. Members of most of the legislature are elected to four-year terms. The legislature elects a minister president to head state government. The Christian Democratic Union and the Social Democratic Party are West Germanys largest political parties. The Democratic Republic of East Germany is a Communist state. Berlin was split and the Berlin Wall was built in 1961 because after World War II East Germany migrants started coming into West Germany by the thousands.

The Sectional Struggle, Reborn: 1848-1854

APUSH Study Guide 17 The Sectional Struggle, Reborn, 1848-1854 Themes/Constructs: The sectional conflict over the expansion of slavery that erupted after the Mexican War was temporarily silenced by the Compromise of 1850, but Douglas’s Kansas-Nebraska Act of 1854 re-ignited the issue again. In the 1850s American expansion in the West and the Caribbean was extremely controversial because it was tied to the slavery question. The acquisition of territory from Mexico created acute new dilemmas concerning the expansion of slavery, especially for the two major parties, which had long tried to avoid the issue. The antislavery Free Soil Party pushed the issue into the election of 1848. The application of gold-rich California for admission to the Union forced the controversy into the Senate, which engaged in stormy debate over slavery and the Union. After the untimely death of President Taylor, who had blocked a settlement, Congress resolved the crisis by passing the delicate Compromise of 1850. The compromise eased sectional tension for the moment, although the Fugitive Slave Law aroused opposition in the North. As the Whig Party died, the Democratic Pierce administration became the tool of proslavery expansionists. Controversies over Nicaragua, Cuba, and the Gadsden Purchase showed that expansionism was closely linked to the slavery issue. The desire for a northern railroad route led Stephen Douglas to ram the Kansas-Nebraska Act through Congress in 1854. By repealing the Missouri Compromise and making new territory subject to â€Å"popular sovereignty† on slavery, this act aroused the fury of the North, sparked the rise of the Republican Party, and set the stage for the Civil War. Terms/names/topics: Gen. Lewis Cas ‘popular sovereignty’ Zachary Taylor Free Soil Party ‘conscious Whigs’ Martin Van Buren Election of 1848 ‘gold fever’ California Constitution (1849) Texas boundary dispute Underground Railroad‘stations’‘passengers’ ‘conductors’ Harriet Tubman ‘Immortal Trio’—Clay, Calhoun, Webster â€Å"Great Pacificator†Ã¢â‚¬Å"Great Nullifier† Millard Fillmore Nashville Convention Compromise of 1850 Fugitive Slave Law (1850) Franklin Pierce—‘second dark horse’ Winfield Scott (Whig) Election of 1852 Jefferson Davis—Secretary of War ‘slavocrats’ William Walker Clayton-Bulwer Treaty (1850) Cuban â€Å"filibustering expeditions† Ostend Manifesto Crimean War Gadsden Purchase (1853) Stephen A. Douglas Repeal of the Missouri Compromise Kansas-Nebraska Bill (1854) The new Republican Party Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. Although historically represented as distinct parties, the Federalists and Whigs, in fact, shared a common political ideology, represented many of the same interest groups, and proposed similar programs and policies. Assess the validity of this statement. (FRQ, 1991) 2. Discuss the impact of territorial expansion on national unity between 1800 and 1850. (FRQ, 1997) APUSH Study Guide 18 The Road to War, 1854-1861 Historian’s view: James McPherson, from Ordeal By Fire: The Civil War and Reconstruction (1992) â€Å"The social and political strains produced by rapid growth provoked repeated crises that threatened to destroy the republic. From the beginning, these strains were associated mainly with slavery. The geographical division of the country into free and slave states ensured that the crisis would take the form of sectional conflict. Each section evolved institutions and values based on its labor system. These values in turn generated ideologies that justified each section’s institutions and condemned those of the other. â€Å"For three-quarters of a century the two sections [North and South] coexisted under one flag because the centripetal forces of nationalism—the shared memories of a common struggle for nationhood—proved stronger than the centrifugal forces of sectionalism. But as early as 1787, conflict over slavery at the constitutional convention almost broke up the Union before it was fairly launched. † Themes/Constructs: A series of major North-South crisis in the late 1850s culminated in the election of the antislavery Republican Abraham Lincoln to the presidency in 1860. His election caused seven southern states to secede from the Union and form the Confederate States of America. The 1850s were punctuated by successive confrontations that deepened sectional hostility until it broke out in the Civil War. Harriet Beecher Stowe’s Uncle Tom’s Cabin fanned northern antislavery feelings. In Kansas, proslavery and antislavery forces fought a bloody little preview of the Civil War. Buchanan’s support of the proslavery Lecompton Constitution alienated moderate northern Democrats like Douglas. Congressman Brooks’ beating of Senator Sumner aroused passions on both sections. The Democratic Party split along sectional lines, allowing Lincoln to win the four-way 1860 election. Seven southern states quickly seceded and organized the Confederate States of America. As southerners optimistically cast off their ties to the hated North, lame-duck President Buchanan proved unable to act. The last minute Crittenden Compromise failed because of Lincoln’s opposition. Terms/names/topics: Harriet Beecher StoweUncle Tom’s Cabin Hinton R. HelperImpending Crisis of the South New England Immigrant Aid Company â€Å"Beecher’s Bibles† Burning of Lawrence John BrownPottawatomie Creek Lecompton Constitution â€Å"Bleeding Kansas† Charles SumnerPreston Brooks Election of 1856James Buchanan ‘Nativists’ American PartyKnow-Nothing Party John C. Fremont Dred Scott decision Panic of 1857 Abortive Homestead Act (1860) Tariff of 1857 Lincoln-Douglas debates Freeport Doctrine John BrownHarper’s Ferry Charleston Nominating Convention John C. Breckenridge Constitutional Union Party Republican Party platform (1860) Election of 1860 Secession of South Carolina Jefferson Davis â€Å"lame duck† interlude Crittenden Compromise Self-determination Southern nationalism Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. To what extent was President-elect Abraham Lincoln responsible for the defeat of the Crittenden proposal on the territorial expansion of slavery? (DBQ, 1974—Mr. D has the documents) 2. John Brown’s raid on the federal armory at Harpers Ferry, Virginia, in October 1859, involved only a handful of abolitionists, freed no slaves, and was over in two days. Although many Northerners condemned the raid, by 1863 John Brown had become a hero and martyr in the North. To what extent and in what ways do the views about John Brown expressed in the documents illustrate changing North-South relations between 1859 and 1863? (DBQ, 1982—Mr. D has the documents) 3. Throughout our history, the Supreme Court has acted as a partisan political body rather than a neutral arbiter of constitutional principles. Assess the validity of this generalization for the period 1800-1860. (FRQ, 1984) 4. By the 1850s, the Constitution, originally framed as an instrument of national unity, had become a source of sectional discord and tension and ultimately contributed to the failure of the Union it had created. Using the documents and your knowledge of the period 1850-1861, assess the validity of this statement. (DBQ, 1987—Mr. D has the documents) 5. â€Å"I am not, nor have ever been, in favor of bringing about in any way, the social and political equality of the white and black races. † How can this 1858 statement of Abraham Lincoln be reconciled with his 1862 Emancipation Proclamation? (FRQ, 1988) 6. Analyze the ways in which supporters of slavery in the nineteenth century used legal, religious, and economic arguments to defend the institution of slavery. (FRQ, 1995) . Assess the moral arguments and political actions of those opposed to the spread of slavery in the context of TWO of the following: (FRQ, 2000) Missouri Compromise Mexican War Compromise of 1850 Kansas-Nebraska Act 8. Analyze the effectiveness of political compromise in reducing sectional tensions in the period 1820 to 1861. (FRQ, 2004) APUSH Study Guide 19 Building the War, Fighting the War, 1861-1865 Histori an’s view: James McPherson, from Battle Cry of Freedom (1988)—A view of the Civil War as expanding national power and Northern economic dominance The old federal republic in which the national government had rarely touched the average citizen except through the post-office gave way to a more centralized polity that taxed the people directly and created an internal revenue bureau to collect taxes, drafted men into the army, expanded the jurisdiction of the federal courts, created a national currency and a national banking system, and established the first national agency for social welfare—the Freedmen’s Bureau†¦. These changes in the federal balance paralleled a radical shift of political power from South to North†¦. The accession to power of the Republican Party, with its ideology of competitive, egalitarian, free-labor capitalism, was a signal to the South that Union victory in the war destroyed the southern vision of America and ensured that the northern vision would become the American vision. † Themes/Constructs: Building for War The North effectively brought to bear its long-term advantages of industrial might and human resources to wage a devastating total war against the South. The war helped organize and modernize northern society, while the South, despite heroic efforts, was economically and socially crushed. Lincoln’s skillful political leadership helped keep the crucial Border States in the Union and maintain northern morale, while his effective diplomacy kept Britain and France from aiding the Confederacy. South Carolina’s firing on Fort Sumter aroused the North for war. Lincoln’s call for troops to suppress the rebellion drove four upper South states into the Confederacy. Lincoln used an effective combination of political persuasion and force to keep the deeply divided Border States in the Union The Confederacy enjoyed initial advantages of upper-class European support, military leadership, and a defensive position on its own soil. The North enjoyed the advantages of lower-class European support, industrial and population resources, and political leadership. The British upper classes sympathized with the South and abetted Confederate naval efforts. But effective diplomacy and Union military success thwarted those efforts and kept Britain as well as France neutral in the war. Lincoln’s political leadership proved effective in mobilizing the North for war, despite political opposition and resistance to his infringement on civil liberties. The North eventually mobilized its larger troop resources for war and ultimately turned to an unpopular and unfair draft system. Northern economic and financial strengths it to gain an advantage over the less-industrialized South. The changes in society opened new opportunities for women, who had contributed significantly to the war effort in both the North and the South. Since most of the war was waged on Southern soil, the South was left devastated by the war. Fighting the War The Civil War, begun as a limited struggle over the Union, eventually became a total war to end slavery and transform the nation. After several years of seesaw struggle, the Union armies under U. S. Grant finally wore down the Southern forces under Robert E. Lee and defeated the Confederate bid for independence as well as the institution of slavery. The Union defeat at Bull Run ended Northern complacency about a quick victory. George McClellan and other early Union generals proved unable to defeat the tactically brilliant Confederate armies under Lee. The Union naval blockade put a slow but devastating noose around the South. The political and diplomatic dimensions of the war became critical. In order to retain the border states, Lincoln first de-emphasized any intention to destroy slavery. But the Battle of Antietam in 1862 enabled Lincoln to prevent foreign intervention and turn the struggle into a war against slavery. Blacks and abolitionists joined enthusiastically in a war for emancipation, but white resentment in part of the North created political problems for Lincoln. The Union victories at Vicksburg in the West and Gettysburg in the East finally turned the military tide against the South. Southern resistance remained strong, but the Union victories at Atlanta and Mobile assured Lincoln’s success in the election of 1864 and ended the last Confederate hopes. The war ended the issues of disunion and slavery, but at a tremendous cost to both North and South. Terms/names/topics: Building For War â€Å"Butternut region† â€Å"King Wheat and King Corn vs. King Cotton† Trent Affair (1861) CSS Alabama Charles Francis Adams Laird Rams Southern States’ Rights Lincoln’s arbitrary powerhabeas corpus Federal conscription power New York draft riots â€Å"bounty brokers† â€Å"rich man’s war but a poor man’s fight† Income tax Morrill Tariff Act National Banking System Homestead Act (1862) Dr. Elizabeth Blackwell Clara Barton Dorothea Dix Sally Tompkins Fighting the War â€Å"On to Richmond† Bull Run (Manassas Junction) â€Å"Stonewall† Jackson Gen. George McClellan The Peninsula Campaign Shenandoah Valley â€Å"Jeb† Stuart Seven Days’ Battles â€Å"Total War† â€Å"Blockade running† 2nd Battle of Bull Run Gen. John Pope Antietam Emancipation Proclamation 13th Amendment Fort Pillow, Tenn. Gen. A. E. Burnside Fredericksburg, Va. â€Å"Fighting Joe† Hooker Chancellorsville, Va. Gen. George G. Meade Gettysburg, Penn. Gen. George Pickett Ulysses S. Grant Fort Henry and Fort Donelson, Tenn. Battle of Shiloh David G. Garragut Port Hudson Vicksburg Chattanooga Gen. William T. Sherman Atlantaâ€Å"March to Savannah† Election of 1864 Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the Warâ€Å"Radical Republicans† Copperheads Union Party Andrew Johnson Battles in the Wilderness Hampton Roads, Va. Appomattox Courthouse John Wilkes Booth English Reform Bill (1867) Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: There have been no DBQ or FRQ questions from this area of study. APUSH Study Guide 20 Reconstruction, 1865-1877 Historian’s view: William A Dunning, Reconstruction: Political and Economic (1907)—A view of Reconstruction as a national disgrace. Few episodes of recorded history more urgently invited thorough analysis than the struggle through which the southern whites, subjugated by adversaries of their own race, thwarted the scheme which threatened permanent subjection to another race†¦. The most rasping feature of the new situation to the old white element of the South was the large predominance of northerners and negroes in position of political power†¦. The most cunning and malignant enemy of the United States could not have timed differently this period of national ill-repute; for it came with the centennial of American independence†¦ Kenneth Stamp, The Era of Reconstruction (1965)—A favorable view of Reconstruction. Finally, we come to the idealistic aim of the radicals to make southern society more democratic, especially to make the emancipation of Negroes something more than an empty gesture. In the short run this was their greatest failure†¦. Still, no one could quite forget that the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments were now part of the federal Constitution†¦. Thus, Negroes were no longer denied equality by the plain language of law, as they had been before radical reconstruction, but only by coercion, by subterfuge, by deceit, and by spurious legalisms†¦. The blunders of that era, tragic though they were, dwindle into insignificance. For it was worth four years of civil war to save the Union, it was worth a few years of radical reconstruction to give the American Negro the ultimate promise of equal civil and political rights. Themes/Constructs: Johnson’s political blunders and southern white recalcitrance led to the imposition of Congressional military Reconstruction on the south. Reconstruction accomplished some good, such as the Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments, but it left behind a legacy of racial and sectional bitterness. With the Civil War over, the nation faced the difficult problems of rebuilding the South, assisting the freed slaves, reintegrating the southern states into the Union, and deciding who would direct the Reconstruction process. The South was economically devastated and socially revolutionized by emancipation. As slaveowners reluctantly confronted the end of slave labor, blacks took their first steps in freedom. Black churches and freedmen’s schools helped the former slaves begin to shape their own destiny. The new President Andrew Johnson was politically inept and personally contentious. His attempt to implement a moderate plan of Reconstruction, along the lines originally suggested by Lincoln, fell victim to Southern whites’ severe treatment of blacks and his own political blunders. Republicans imposed harsh military Reconstruction on the south after their gains in the 1866 Congressional elections. The Southern states reentered the Union with new radical governments, which rested partly on the newly enfranchised blacks, but also had support from some sectors of southern society. These regimes were sometimes corrupt but also implemented important reforms. The divisions between moderate and Radical Republicans meant that Reconstruction’s aims were often limited and confused, despite the important Fourteenth and Fifteenth Amendments. Embittered whites hated the radical governments and mobilized the Ku Klux Klan to restore white supremacy. Congress impeached Johnson but failed to convict him. In the end, the poorly conceived Reconstruction policy failed disastrously. Terms/names/topics: Exodusters Black Baptists churches African Missionary Association Freedmen’s Bureau 10% Plan—Lincoln Wade-Davis Bill Radicals Johnson’s Reconstruction plans Black Codes Sharecroppers â€Å"whitewashed rebels† Civil Rights Bill Fourteenth Amendment Congressional elections, 1866 Radicals in the Senate Thaddeus Stevens Moderate Republicans Military Reconstruction Act Fifteenth Amendment Ex parte Milligan (1866) â€Å"scalawags† â€Å"carpetbaggers† KKK ‘literacy tests’ Tenure of Office Act Edwin M. Stanton Past APUSH essay questions from this area of study: 1. The unpopular ideas and causes of one period often gain popularity and support in another, but the ultimate price of success is usually the alteration or subversion of the original ideas and programs. For the period 1830-1877, discuss this statement with reference to both (a) the ideas and activities of abolitionism and (b) the policies of the Republican party. (FRQ, 1978). . How do you account for the failure of Reconstruction (1865-1877) to bring social and economic equality of opportunity to the former slaves? (FRQ, 1983) 3. Discuss the political, economic, and social reforms introduced in the South between 1864 and 1877. To what extent did these reforms survive the Compromise of 1877? (FRQ, 1992) 4. In what ways and to what extent d id constitutional and social developments between 1860 and 1877 amount to a revolution? Use the documents and your knowledge of the period 1860 to 1877 to answer the question. (DBQ, 1996—Mr. D has the documents)

Lord Of The Flies Reflection - 706 Words

What would you do if you, as a teenage boy, are stranded on an island with no grownups and just your other companions? I, for sure, would probably go insane, but Ralph, in William Golding’s Lord of the Flies, knew what to do. This is a story of how a group of boys created a society and the troubles they faced. You might ask:† Why would anyone go to an uncharted island?† Well it’s not really their fault. Their airplane was shot out of the air and it crashed into the Pacific ocean. The pilot dies and the boys find themselves stranded on an deserted island, forcing them to befriend each other for survival and make efforts to be rescued. This effort builds order as the boys gravely grasps to the hope of being rescued and returning to the†¦show more content†¦The characters of the boys were very realistic. Ralph seemed like a good leader from the start with the conch and everything. It kind of seemed like fate wanted him to be the chief. When Piggy was i ntroduced in the story, I felt very sorry and pitiful for him. He didn’t seem to be a bad person,yet the boys around him made fun of his looks, his appearance, and his asthma. Then there was Jack Merridew: leader of the hunters, and chief of the savages. When he came into the story, he was introduced as Ralph’s rival. He had a group of boys who all came from choir and everyone who gathered on the beach voted for chief. This became kind of like a political race with two sides and the people of the â€Å"country† voting. Unfortunately, Jack lost. My personal favorite would be Simon. Even though, in the beginning Simon was introduced as a really sickly, and clumsy child, I think he was actually the bravest out of all of them. He had his own ideas which led him to figure out the truth of the â€Å"beast†. Sadly he was â€Å"accidently† killed. Why does all the wise, courageous and awesome characters always die!! William Golding’s writing style is very sadistic and brutal. The tone of the story seemed very murderous and brutal.I really liked how the Lord of the Flies is actually a dead pig’s head with a massive amount of flies around it. It took me along time to figure this out in the beginning. The story itself seems very black, darkShow MoreRelatedReflection Lord Of The Flies862 Words   |  4 Pages William Goldings Lord of the Flies as Reflection of Society â€Å"Man produces evil, as a bee produces honey, even in something as pure as a child.† --William Golding We come across things that change perspective and it really impacts how we live life. William Golding is a famous author for one of his well known books, The Lord of the Flies, where he makes everyday people change into evil human beings. Lord of the Flies by William Golding, was influenced stronglyRead MoreReflection Of Lord Of The Flies796 Words   |  4 PagesLord of the Flies Reflection - Lily Baker Lord of the Flies by Stephen Krashen portrays the events the of young boys who get stranded on a desert island after their plane crashes. It is infamous for showing how most of those boys manifest into â€Å"savages†, Krashen showed this by adding spears and face paint as a crude applicant to their ensemble, and they start investing their time into murderous shenanigans. However, how did they become such feral barbarians in contrast to the refined choir boys theyRead MoreReflection For Lord Of The Flies708 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lord of the Flies is a parable which humanity presents to us in its pure state, and what happens when we take it to the extreme. Use children, to reflect human purity in its youngest state. 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Throughout the book, the boys attempt to establish a government, but eventually fall flat when the boys savage behavior escalates. In the beginning, being on the island seemed like all fun and games, however, as time progressed the boys came to realizeRead MoreLord Of The Flies Reflection Essay765 Words   |  4 Pages Carson Musser Lord of the Flies During the second World War, a plane crashes on an uncharted island, leaving a group of schoolboys stranded with no Adult in sight. The first few days life is perfect on the island, plentiful amounts of fruit, no grown-up to tell you what to do, they even elect a chief, Ralph, who sets rules and creates order. When a ship passes the island without noticing the boys, because no one was feeding the fire, everything starts going downhill. After, a meeting is calledRead MoreLord Of The Flies And The Deathly Hallows1554 Words   |  7 Pagespersonality goes through a transformation. 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